Male pseudohermaphroditism with os clitoris in three dogs

Two American Cocker Spaniels and one Bichon Frise were presented to our veterinary teaching hospital with an enlarged clitoris. Diagnostic imaging showed that the structure was composed of bony material. Exploratory laparotomy revealed uterine-like structures and testes which had an epididymis unilaterally. Surgical removal of internal genitalia, gonads and protruded clitoris were performed well. Histological evaluation revealed; inactive testes, female internal genital tracts with ambisexual ductal remnants, and prominent ossification in the clitoris. All 3 cases were diagnosed with male pseudohermaphroditism. In author's knowledge, this is the first report in Bichon Frise dog with os clitoris and also, it describes not common cases in small dog breeds with os clitoris.

Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms from Milk Samples of Jindo Dogs (Canis familiaris var. jindo) / 대한수의학회지

Lack of hygiene and puerperal mastitis are common causes of bacterial diseases in nursing neonates. The aim of this study was to isolate microorganisms from milk samples of healthy female Jindo dogs with suckling puppies and to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility against the isolated bacteria. Milk samples were collected from 120 udders of 12 lactating Jindo dogs that were 2~4 years old without any clinical diseases including mastitis. Bacteria were isolated from 64 milk samples (53.3%), either singly (76.6%) or in combination (23.4%). Staphylococcus (S.) spp. was the most common microorganisms (74.7%) isolated from canine milk, followed by Haemophillus spp. (10.9%), Streptococcus spp. (9.6%), Gardnerella spp. (2.4%) and Moraxella spp. (2.4%). The most frequently isolated organism was S. warneri (31.3%). Antimicrobial susceptibility of these bacteria was tested with 17 antimicrobial agents by Kirbyand Bauer standardized disc diffusion method. Results indicated that bacteria isolated from healthy canine milk were mostly susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalothin and ceftiofur, but were resistant to erythromycin, neomycin and tetracycline.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal dimension and resistive index in clinically healthy Korean domestic short-hair cats

Renal length, height, width, resistive index (RI), size of cortex, and medulla were determined by renal ultrasonography in 50 healthy Korean domestic short-hair cats. In the sagittal plane, the renal length was 3.83 +/- 0.51 cm (mean +/- SD) in the left kidney and 3.96 +/- 0.48 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal height was 2.42 +/- 0.27 cm in the left kidney and 2.36 +/- 0.28 cm in the right kidney. In the transverse plane, the renal height was 2.42 +/- 0.28 cm in the left kidney and 2.38 +/- 0.27 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal width was: 2.65 +/- 0.35 cm in the left kidney and 2.63 +/- 0.31 cm in the right kidney. In the dorsal plane, the renal length was 3.84 +/- 0.53 cm in the left kidney and 3.97 +/- 0.54 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal width was 2.65 +/- 0.34 cm in the left kidney and 2.66 +/- 0.33 cm in the right kidney. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the same structure sizes measured in different planes. In the sagittal plane, the size of the renal cortex was 0.47 +/- 0.08 cm in the left kidney and 0.47 +/- 0.08 cm in the right kidney, whereas of the size of the renal medulla was 0.55 +/- 0.30 cm in the left kidney and 0.50 +/- 0.07 cm in the right kidney. RI evaluated by pulsed wave Doppler sonography was 0.52 +/- 0.05 in the left kidney and 0.55 +/- 0.05 in the right kidney. The actual renal dimensions determined by gross examination were not statistically different from those determined by ultrasonography. Furthermore the renal dimensions and RI were statistically correlated to the body weight of cats.

Time of initial detection of fetal and extra-fetal structures by ultrasonographic examination in Miniature Schnauzer bitches

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performeddaily on 9 Miniature Schnauzer bitches from the 15th dayof gestation until parturition to determine the time thegestational structures were first detected. The gestationalage was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), whichwas estimated to occur when the plasma progesteroneconcentration was >4.0ng/ml. The gestational length in 9Miniature Schnauzer bitches was found to be 63.0+/-1.7(range 61-65) days. The initial detection of the fetal andextra-fetal structures were as follows: gestational sac atday 18.0+/-0.9 (17-19); zonary placenta in the uterine wallat day 24.9+/-1.1 (23-26); yolk sac membrane at day 25.0+/-0.9 (24-26); amnionic membrane at day 27.7+/-1.0 (26-29); embryo initial detection at day 22.6+/-0.5 (22-23);heartbeat at day 23.4+/-0.5 (23-24); fetal movement at day32.5+/-0.8 (32-34); stomach at day 31.2+/-1.6 (29-33);urinary bladder at day 32.6+/-1.8 (31-35); skeleton at day34.9+/-1.6 (34-38) and kidney at day 42.2+/-0.7 (41-43).

The roles of arachidonic acid and calcium in the angiotensin II-induced inhibition of Na+ uptake in renal proximal tubule cells

Angiotensin II (ANG II) has a biphasic effect on Na+ transport in proximal tubule: low doses of ANG II increase the Na+ transport, whereas high doses of ANG II inhibit it. However, the mechanisms of high dose ANG II-induced inhibition on Na+ uptake are poorly understood. Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate signal transduction pathways involved in the ANG II-induced inhibition of Na+ uptake in the primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs) in hormonally defined serum-free medium. ANG II (10-9 M)-induced inhibition of Na+ uptake was blocked by losartan (10-8 M, AT1 antagonist), but not by PD123319 (10-8 M, AT2 antagonist) (P < 0.05). ANG II-induced inhibition of Na+ uptake was also completely abolished by neomycin (10-4 M, PLC inhibitor), W-7 (10-4 M, calmodulin antagonist), and AACOCF3 (10-6 M, PLA2 inhibitor) (P < 0.05). ANG II significantly increased (3H)arachidonic acid (AA) release compared to control. The ANG II-induced (3H)AA release was blocked by losartan, AACOCF3, neomycin, and W-7, but not by PD123319. ANG II-induced (3H)AA release in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ was greater than in Ca2+-free medium, and it was partially blocked by TMB-8 (10-4 M, intracelluar Ca2+ mobilization blocker). However, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, it was completely blocked by TMB-8. In addition, econazole (10-6 M, cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase inhibitor) and indomethacin (10-6 M, cyclooxygenase inhibitor) blocked ANG II-induced inhibition of Na+ uptake, but NGDA (10-6 M, lipoxygenase inhibitor) did not affect it. In conclusion, PLA2-mediated AA release is involved in ANG II-induced inhibition of Na+ uptake and is modulated by (Ca2+)i in the PTCs.

Is There Any Difference in Arterial Oxygenation between the Right and Left Thoracic Surgery under the Different One Lung Ventilation Mode? / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Use of one lung anesthesia for thoracic surgery may compromize PaO2. The aim of this study was to compare the shunt and oxygenation effects of the application of CPAP and CPAP/PEEP between right and left thoracic surgery under one lung anesthesia. METHODS: 10 patients for right thoracic surgery were selected as group 1, and 10 patients for left thoracic surgery were selected as group 2. Measurements in each group, were made during each of the following stage. First 30 minutes, One lung anesthesia alone with 50% oxygen (control value), next 30 minutes, CPAP 10 cmH2O to upper lung with 50% oxygen (CPAP), and then CPAP 10 cmH2O to upper lung and PEEP 10 cmH2O to down lung with 50% oxygen for 30 minutes (CPAP/PEEP). RESULTS: PaO2 in CPAP and CPAP/PEEP were significantly increased as compare to control value at both group (P<0.05). Shunt percentage in CPAP and CPAP/PEEP were significantly decreased as compare to control value at both group (P<0.05). But, no statistically significant differences were observed between right and left thoracic surgery group in the PaO2 and shunt percentage. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that CPAP and CPAP/PEEP during one lung ventilation is thought to be effective method in preventing hypoxemia, but no differences were observed between right and left thoracic surgery group.

The Effects of Sodium Nitroprusside on Platelet Aggregation Function during Intracranial Aneurysm Operation under Isoflurane Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside is widely used as a means of producing deliberate hypotension in a variety of clinical situations. However, sodium nitroprusside reported to inhibit platelet aggregation. So we studied the effects of sodium nitroprusside on platelet function in patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm surgery with isoflurane anesthesia. METHODS: Platelet rich plasma from the patients receiving sodium nitroprusside was studied for aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine and collagen. Maximum aggregation rate and maximum aggregation time were evaluated from the samples collected at pre-sodium nitroprusside infusion, 30min and 90min after sodium nitroprusside infusion, respectively. At the same time, bleeding time was measured. RESULTS: The mean maximum aggregation rate of adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine and collagen at pre-sodium nitroprusside infusion decreased significantly 30min and 90min after sodium nitroprusside infusion, respectively(P<0.05). But the maximum aggregation time showed no significant change. Prolongation of bleeding time was not observed after sodium nitroprusside infusion. Correlation between the total sodium nitroprusside dose delivered and the maximum aggregation rate of adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine and collagen were significant (r=0.797(P<0.05), r=0.732 (P<0.05) and r=0.737(P<0.05)). CONCLUSIONS: In situation where sodium nitroprusside is administered for deliberate hypotensive anesthesia during intracranial aneurysm operation, the platelet aggregation was inhibited by sodium nitroprusside. However, bleeding time was not prolonged.